Guía práctica para el manejo de la agitación psicomotora en pediatría / Clinical Guide for the management of psychomotor agitation in pediatrics

La agitación psicomotora es un estado de hiperactividad impulsiva aguda en grados variables, que requiere intervención. Sus manifestaciones abarcan un amplio espectro desde mínima inquietud hasta perturbaciones intensas con grandes movimientos no propositivos o violentos. Datos recientes muestran que aproximadamente 10-20% de los niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) presenta una patología de la esfera psiquiátrica y/o abuso de sustancias y, en consecuencia, han aumentado las consultas por estos motivos en servicios de urgencia pediátrica. Hasta 1 de cada 15 NNA requiere contención de algún tipo. Las causas de agitación son múltiples y se deben investigar en cada paciente. El objetivo de este trabajo es concientizar al equipo de salud sobre el problema y contribuir a la estandarización del manejo clínico en pediatría. Se describen intervenciones no farmacológicas, contención farmacológica y física, con sus respectivas indicaciones.

Psychomotor agitation is a state of acute impulsive hyperactivity with varying degrees of magnitude that requires intervention. Its manifestations cover a broad spectrum from minimal unrest to intense disturbances with large non-purposeful or violent movements. Recent data show that approximately 10-20% of children and adolescents have a psychiatric disease and/or substance abuse disorder and, consequently, consultations for these reasons have increased in pediatric emergency services. Up to 1 in 15 children require some form of restraint. Causes of agitation are multiple and must be investigated in each patient. The objectives of this review are to improve awareness of the issue to health work-teams and aims at the standardization of its medical management in pediatrics. Non-pharmacological interventions, chemical and physical restraint methods are described, with their respective indications.

Consenso para el manejo de la analgesia, sedación y delirium en adultos con síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo por COVID-19 / Consensus for the management of analgesia, sedation and delirium in adults with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome

RESUMEN Objetivo: Proponer estrategias agile para este abordaje integral de la analgesia, sedación, delirium, implementación de movilidad temprana e inclusión familiar del paciente con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda por COVID-19, considerando el alto riesgo de infección que existe entre los trabajadores de salud, el tratamiento humanitario que debemos brindar al paciente y su familia, en un contexto de falta estrategias terapéuticas específicas contra el virus globalmente disponibles a la fecha y una potencial falta de recursos sanitarios. Metodos: Se llevó a cabo una revision no sistemática de la evidencia científica en las principales bases de datos bibliográficos, sumada a la experiencia y juicio clínico nacional e internacional. Finalmente, se realizó un consenso de recomendaciones entre los integrantes del Comité de Analgesia, Sedación y Delirium de la Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva. Resultados: Se acordaron recomendaciones y se desarrollaron herramientas para asegurar un abordaje integral de analgesia, sedación, delirium, implementación de movilidad temprana e inclusión familiar del paciente adulto con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda por COVID-19. Discusión: Ante el nuevo orden generado en las terapias intensivas por la progresión de la pandemia de COVID-19, proponemos no dejar atrás las buenas prácticas habituales, sino adaptarlas al contexto particular generado. Nuestro consenso está respaldado en la evidencia científica, la experiencia nacional e internacional, y será una herramienta de consulta atractiva en las terapias intensivas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To propose agile strategies for a comprehensive approach to analgesia, sedation, delirium, early mobility and family engagement for patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, considering the high risk of infection among health workers, the humanitarian treatment that we must provide to patients and the inclusion of patients' families, in a context lacking specific therapeutic strategies against the virus globally available to date and a potential lack of health resources. Methods: A nonsystematic review of the scientific evidence in the main bibliographic databases was carried out, together with national and international clinical experience and judgment. Finally, a consensus of recommendations was made among the members of the Committee for Analgesia, Sedation and Delirium of the Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva. Results: Recommendations were agreed upon, and tools were developed to ensure a comprehensive approach to analgesia, sedation, delirium, early mobility and family engagement for adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. Discussion: Given the new order generated in intensive therapies due to the advancing COVID-19 pandemic, we propose to not leave aside the usual good practices but to adapt them to the particular context generated. Our consensus is supported by scientific evidence and national and international experience and will be an attractive consultation tool in intensive therapies.

Brazilian guidelines for the management of psychomotor agitation. Part 1. Non-pharmacological approach

Objective: To present the essential guidelines for non-pharmacological management of patients with psychomotor agitation in Brazil. Methods: These guidelines were developed based on a systematic review of articles published from 1997 to 2017, retrieved from MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, and SciELO. Other relevant articles identified by searching the reference lists of included studies were also used to develop these guidelines. The search strategy used structured questions formulated using the PICO model, as recommended by the Guidelines Project of the Brazilian Medical Association. Recommendations were summarized according to their level of evidence, which was determined using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine system and critical appraisal tools. Results: We initially selected 1,731 abstracts among 5,362 articles. The final sample included 104 articles that fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. The management of agitated patients should always start with the least coercive approach. The initial non-pharmacological measures include a verbal strategy and referral of the patient to the appropriate setting, preferably a facility designed for the care of psychiatric patients with controlled noise, lighting, and safety aspects. Verbal de-escalation techniques have been shown to decrease agitation and reduce the potential for associated violence in the emergency setting. The possibility of underlying medical etiologies must be considered first and foremost. Particular attention should be paid to the patient's appearance and behavior, physical signs, and mental state. If agitation is severe, rapid tranquilization with medications is recommended. Finally, if verbal measures fail to contain the patient, physical restraint should be performed as the ultimate measure for patient protection, and always be accompanied by rapid tranquilization. Healthcare teams must be thoroughly trained to use these techniques and overcome difficulties if the verbal approach fails. It is important that healthcare professionals be trained in non-pharmacological management of patients with psychomotor agitation as part of the requirements for a degree and graduate degree. Conclusion: The non-pharmacological management of agitated patients should follow the hierarchy of less invasive to more invasive and coercive measures, starting with referral of the patient to an appropriate environment, management by a trained team, use of verbal techniques, performance of physical and mental assessment, use of medications, and, if unavoidable, use of the mechanical restraint. Systematic review registry number: CRD42017054440.

A propósito de un caso complejo: agitación psicomotora: ¿TEC y clozapina, sala de aislamiento? / About a complex case: psychomotor agitation: TEC and clozapine, isolation room?

Paciente de 25 años. Ingreso a Servicio de Urgencia. Paciente viene solo, desaseado, relata múltiples ideas bizarras, no sistematizadas. Pensamiento laxo, musita, interferido, a ratos discordante. Diagnóstico: Síndrome esquizomorfo. Antecedentes judiciales: Informe cumplimiento condena en Puerto Montt: Lesiones menos graves y Robo con violencia. Persiste amenazante, exaltado. Paranoide. Durante la tarde amenaza con colgase, cortarse o quemar colchón, cuelga sabana de ventana e intenta ahorcarse. Primera sesión de TEC, Cisordinol accutard. Contención física, Sujeciones. Modecate. Cortes en antebrazo, Amenaza con matar otros pacientes, al apagar las luces se sienta en cama de otro paciente en actitud intimidante, lo agrede con lápiz en ojo derecho. Reinicia TEC, Inicia clozapina 25mg/día. Hostil y desafiante ante funcionarios por el encuadre, Baja en recuento de blancos, inicia litio. Algo hostil y querellante con personal, probablemente relacionado con suspensión de TEC (20 sesiones). Clozapina 450mg/día, Litio 600 mg/día. Traslado de paciente para sala de aislamiento, Se retira chapa de aislamiento ­ Sala de observación, Cuidador especial constante, hombre, Mitones, solicitud a UGC apoyo

Patient of 25 years old. Entrance to Emergency Service. Patient comes alone, untidy, reports multiple bizarre ideas, not systematized. Lax thought, mumble, interfered, discordant at times. Diagnosis: Schizomorphic syndrome. Legal background: Condemning Report in Puerto Montt: Less serious injuries and robbery with violence. He persists threatening, exalted. Paranoid. During the afternoon threatens to hang, cut or burn mattress, hangs a blanket in window and tries to hang himself. First session of TEC, Cisordinol accutard. Physical restraint, Supports. Modecate. Cuts in forearm. Threat to kill other patients, when turning off lights sits in bed of another patient in intimidating attitude, strikes him with pencil in right eye. Restart TEC, Starts clozapine 25mg / day. Hostile and challenging with officials because of setting, White cells: Low counting, initiating lithium. Somehow hostile and prosecuting with staff, probably related to ECT suspension (20 sessions). Clozapine 450mg / day, Lithium 600mg / day. Transfer of patient to isolation room, Removal of insulation sheet - Observation room, Special caregiver constant, male, Mittens, request to UGC support.

Cuidados multiprofissionais para pacientes em delirium em terapia intensiva: revisão integrativa / Cuidados multiprofesionales para pacientes en delirium en la terapia intensiva: revisión integrativa / Multiprofessional care for delirium patients in intensive care: integrative review

Resumo OBJETIVO Descrever os cuidados multiprofissionais para manejo de pacientes críticos em delirium na UTI a partir das evidências encontradas na literatura. MÉTODOS Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada no período de 1º de fevereiro a 30 de junho de 2016 através de busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e CINAHL com os descritores delirium, critical care e intensive care units que finalizou com 17 estudos originais. RESULTADOS Foram encontrados um bundle e uma diretriz, duas revisões sistemáticas, evidência 1a e quatro ensaios clínicos, evidência 1b e 2b, os demais estudos de coorte e observacionais. Os cuidados multiprofissionais foram apresentados para melhor entendimento em diagnóstico de delirium, pausa de sedação, mobilização precoce, diretrizes para dor, agitação e delirium, agitação psicomotora, orientação cognitiva, promoção do sono, ambiente e participação da família. CONCLUSÃO Os cuidados para delirium são abrangentes e pouco específicos, determinando seu aspecto multifatorial.

Resumen OBJETIVO Se objetivó describir los cuidados multiprofesionales para manejo de pacientes críticos en delirium en la UTI a partir de las evidencias encontradas en la literatura. MÉTODOS Se trata de una revisión integradora realizada en el período del 1 de febrero al 30 de junio de 2016 a través de búsqueda en PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL con descriptores delirium, critical care e intensive care units que finalizó 17 estudios originales. RESULTADOS Fueron encontrados un bundle, una directriz, dos revisiones sistemáticos, evidencia 1a, cuatro ensayos clínicos, evidencia 1b y 2b, los demás estudios de cohorte y observacionales. Los cuidados multiprofesionales fueron presentados para mejor entenderse el diagnóstico de delirium, pausa de sedación, movilización temprana, directrices para dolor, agitación, y delirium, agitación psicomotora, orientación cognitiva, promoción de sueño, ambiente y participación de la familia. CONCLUSIÓN Los cuidados para delirium son más amplio y poco específicos, determinando su aspecto multifactorial.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe the multiprofessional care for the management of critical patients in delirium in the ICU from the evidences found in the literature. METHODS This integrative review was carried out in the period from February 1 to June 30, 2016 through searches on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL, with the following descriptors: delirium, critical care e intensive care units, which brought up 17 original papers. RESULTS A bundle and a guideline, two systematic reviews, evidence 1a and four clinical trials, evidence 1b and 2b, cohort and observational studies were found. The multiprofessional care was presented to better understand the diagnosis of delirium, sedation pause, early mobilization, pain, agitation and delirium guidelines, psychomotor agitation, cognitive orientation, sleep promotion, environment and family participation. CONCLUSION The care for delirium is wide and not specific, which determines its multifactorial aspect.

Manejo de la excitación psicomotriz en niños y adolescentes / Management of psychomotor excitement in children and adolescents

La agitación o excitación psicomotriz (EPM) es un síndrome que no constituye en sí mismo una enfermedad, sino que se trata de una manifestación de una gran variedad de trastornos psiquiátricos y orgánicos. Se caracteriza por aumento desorganizado de la motricidad acompañado de una activación vegetativa (sudoración, taquicardia, midriasis) y ansiedad severa. Constituye uno de los cuadros de presentación más frecuente en salas de urgencia psiquiátricas y generales. El objetivo del presente artículo es revisar los aspectos clínicos del síndrome, describir las diferentes causas y plantear su manejo en los diferentes ámbitos de la práctica clínica y medidas de seguridad. Se consideran las medidas terapéuticas no farmacológicas (intervenciones verbales, sujeción física) y medicamentosas, mencionando las vías de administración, las opciones de drogas y sus dosis según la presunción diagnóstica. Es una urgencia donde se debe actuar con rapidez para garantizar la seguridad del paciente y del entorno (AU)

Psychomotor agitation or excitation (PMA) is not a disorder in itself but a manifestation of a broad variety of psychiatric and organic disorders. It is characterized by increased disorganization of motor activity associated with vegetative activation (sweating, increased heart rate, mydriasis) and severe anxiety. It is one of the most common disorders presenting in general and psychiatric emergency departments. The aim of this study was to review the clinical aspects of the entity, to describe possible causes, and to evaluate management in different settings of clinical practice as well as safety measures. Non-pharmacological interventions (verbal interventions, physical restraint) and medications are considered, describing routes of administration, options of drugs and drug doses according to the presumed diagnosis. PMA is an urgency in which fast intervention is warranted for the safety of the patient and their environment (AU)

Guía de práctica clínica para el tratamiento de la agitación psicomotora y la conducta agresiva / Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of psychomotor agitation and aggressive behavior

Se presenta la Guía de práctica clínica para el tratamiento de la agitación psicomotora y la conducta agresiva del Departamento de Emergencia del Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental ôHonorio Delgado û Hideyo Noguchiõ Lima, Perú, aprobada mediante la Resolución Directoral Nº 071-2013-DG/INSMõHD-HNõ.

We present the Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of psychomotor agitation and aggressive behavior from the Emergency Department, Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental ôHonorio Delgado û Hideyo Noguchiõ Lima, Peru, approved by Resolución Directoral Nº 071-2013-DG/INSMõHD-HNõ.

A criança agitada nem sempre é um problema / The agitated child is not always a problem

O termo agitação pode englobar muitos comportamentos diferentes, geralmente associados a algum transtorno psiquiátrico, como transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH), transtorno de conduta, transtorno afetivo bipolar (TAB). Uma dúvida frequente é quando considerar a agitação psicomotora parte do desenvolvimento normal infantil ou de alguma doença psiquiátrica. A patologia existe quando a fase de agitação persiste além do esperado para a idade e circunstância, há prejuízo funcional importante nas relações sociais dentro da família, com pares e no desempenho escolar, além da presença de outros sintomas. Apesar da influência genética, a grande capacidade de adaptação do cérebro na infância e adolescência permite que as experiências infantis tenham efeito duradouro nos circuitos neurais por toda a vida, reforçando a importância de um ambiente favorável e do tratamento medicamentoso e psicoterápico adequado, nesta faixa etária. O foco da intervenção deve ser ensinar comportamentos pró-sociais, para que a criança/adolescente lide adequadamente com as situações que anteriormente provocavam agitação, envolvendo a colaboração de pais, pares, escola e demais profissionais.

Manejo de paciente agitado ou agressivo / Management of the violent or agitated patient

OBJETIVO: Revisar as medidas preconizadas para o manejo de pacientes agitados ou agressivos. MÉTODO: Por meio de uma busca em bancos de dados (PubMed e Web of Science) foram identificados artigos empíricos e revisões sobre intervenções farmacológicas e não farmacológicas para o manejo de agitação e/ou violência. RESULTADOS: O manejo não farmacológico de agitação/agressão engloba a organização do espaço físico e a adequação de atitudes e comportamentos dos profissionais de saúde. O objetivo principal do manejo farmacológico é a tranquilização rápida, buscando a redução dos sintomas de agitação e agressividade, sem a indução de sedação profunda ou prolongada, mantendo-se o paciente tranquilo, mas completa ou parcialmente responsivo. A polifarmácia deve ser evitada e as doses das medicações devem ser o menor possível, ajustadas de acordo com a necessidade clínica. A administração intramuscular de medicação deve ser considerada como última alternativa e as opções de uso de antipsicóticos e benzodiazepínicos são descritas e comentadas. O manejo físico, por meio de contenção mecânica, pode ser necessário nas situações de violência em que exista risco para o paciente ou equipe, e deve obedecer a critérios rigorosos. CONCLUSÃO: Os procedimentos devem ser cuidadosamente executados, evitando complicações de ordem física e emocional para pacientes e equipe.

OBJECTIVE: To review current data about the management of agitated or aggressive patients. METHOD: Through a search of databases (PubMed and Web of Science), empirical articles and reviews about pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the management of agitation and /or violence were identified. RESULTS: The non-pharmacological management of agitation/aggression encompasses the organization of space and appropriateness of behavior and attitudes of health professionals. The main goal of pharmacological management is rapid tranquilization aimed at reducing symptoms of agitation and aggression, without the induction of deep or prolonged sedation, keeping the patient calm, but completely or partially responsive. Polypharmacy should be avoided, and doses of medications should be as small as possible, adjusted according to clinical need. Intramuscular administration of medication should be considered as a last resort and the options for the use of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines are described and commented. The physical management by means of mechanical restraint may be necessary in violent situations where there is risk to the patient or staff, and must meet strict criteria. CONCLUSION: Procedures must be carefully implemented to avoid physical and emotional complications for patients and staff.

Combination effect of low dose fentanyl and propofol on emergence agitation in children following sevoflurane anesthesia

To investigate the combination effect of low dose fentanyl and subhypnotic dose of propofol on emergence agitation in children receiving sevoflurane for adenotonsillectomy procedure. After ethical approval, a prospective, randomized, clinical study was performed in Saad Specialist Hospital, Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2007-2008. One hundred and twenty children in physical status of I according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists, aged 2-6 years, scheduled for adentonsillectomy under general anesthesia were allocated into 3 groups randomly. Anesthesia was induced and maintained by sevoflurane in all groups. Children received 0.1 ml.kg-1 normal saline at the end of surgery in group C [n=40], 1.5 mcg.kg-1 fentanyl during induction, and 0.1 ml.kg-1 normal saline at the end of surgery in group F [n=40], and 1.5 mcg.kg-1 fentanyl during induction and 1 mg.kg-1 propofol at the end of surgery in group FP [n=40]. Postoperative agitation was recorded, if any, for the first postoperative hour. Three groups were comparable with regard to demographic data. Twenty-one patients [53%] in the control group, 14 patients [35%] in group F and 7 [18%] patients in group FP experienced postoperative agitation. The combination of low dose fentanyl before surgery and propofol at the end of surgery decreases the incidence and level of emergence agitation in children after adenotonsillectomy procedure under sevoflurane anesthesia

Comparison of fentanyl, clonidine and tropisetron effect on agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia in children

One hundered ASA physical status I and II children aged 3-6 years were included in this study. After inhalation induction with sevoflurane, patients were randomly assigned to receive either saline [group I, n=25], fentanyl 1 mic/kg IV [group II, n=25] or clondine 3 mic/kg IV [group III, n=25] tropisetron [0.1mg/kg] 10 minutes before discontinuation of anesthetics. There was no significant difference [p>0.05] between the four groups regarding time to eye opening, modified Aldrete recovery scores and post operative complication. The time of first postoperative analgesic dose was significantly shorter in group I compared with other three groups. The incidence of agitation was significantly higher in group I compared with other three groups, the incidence of agitation was 60% in Group I, 30% in Group II, 20% in Group Ill and 25% in Group IV. The dose of fentanyl 1 mic/kg iv or clonidine 3 mic/kg iv or tropisetron [0.1mg/kg]iv that is administered 10 minutes before the termination of anesthesia reduces the postoperative agitation in children with no adverse effects. There was no significant difference [p>0.05] between the four groups regarding age, weight, duration of surgery and discontinuation of anesthetics

Efficacy of Ketamine versus propofol in decreasing the incidence of emergence agitation in pediatric ENT day case surgeries under sevoflurane anesthesia

Emergence agitation or delirium may occur children after sevoflurane general anesthesia. Different drugs have been used to decrease its occurrence with variable efficacy. The aim of this study to compare the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children who received a single dose of ketamine at the end of ENT day case surgeries versus children who received a single dose of propofol. Forty eight healthy children 3-7 years old allocated to ketamine group [n = 24], which received 0.25mg / kg ketamine at the end of the surgery, or propofol group [n = 24], which received 1mg/ kg propofol. Evaluation of recovery characteristics was done upon awakening and during the first thirty minutes using the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. The mean scores in the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale were significantly lower in the ketamine group compared with the propofol group [8.71 +/- 4.09 vs.11.29 +/- 4.50 respectively]. Also the incidence of agitation was significantly lower in the ketamine group compared with the propofol group [12.5% versus 29.5% respectively]. There was no difference in time to meet eye opening [7 +/- 3.4 min versus 9 +/- 2.7mm] and recovery room discharge [32.67 +/- 2.014min versus 33.04 +/- 1.829 min] between the two groups. The present study concludes that the addition of ketamine 0.25 mg:/ kg at the end of the surgery can significantly decrease the incidence of emergence agitation more than propofol 1mg / kg, in children undergoing ENT day case surgeries under sevoflurane general anesthesia

Single dose diclofenac reduces agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children

Emergence agitation is a common side effect of sevoflurane anesthesia in children. Diclofenac, because its analgesic properties, might be useful for the mangement of this adverse effect. We studied the effect of Diclofenac recovery characteristics in 50 children aged 6 mo. to 5 yr, scheduled to undergo inginal hernioraphy. All children were premedicated with oral midazolam 0.5 mg/kg After inhaled induction with sevoflurane, patients were randomly assigned to receive either saline [n=25] or rectal diclofenac 1mg/kg [n=25]. Maintenance of anesthesia was with 2% sevoflurane, 50% nitrous oxide and atracurium with mechanical ventilation. Intra-operative hemodynamic and oxygenation variables are recorded every 5 min. At the end of anesthesia TEO, recovery time, discharge time and incidence of agitation were detected. There were significant reduction in agitation score and incidence of agitation in diclofenac group without affection the recovery or the discharge time. We conclude that a dose of diclofenac of 1 mg/kg administered after induction of anesthesia reduces the post sevoflurane agitation in children, with no adverse effects

Agitação psicomotora / Psychomotor agitation

Pacientes agitados são presença constante na prática médica. Portanto, é fundamental que pessoas relacionadas a essa área tenham conhecimento acerca do tema. Nesse trabalho serão discutidos conceitos, etiologia, manejo e outras particularidades a respeito do tema. Os autores realizam uma revisão bibliográfica em livros textos e artigos recentes

Agitaçäo no idoso - Aspectos terapêuticos / Agitation in the elderly - Therapeutic features

Essa revisäo tem por objetivo definir as principais estratégias de manejo psicofarmacológico, ambiental e de reabilitaçäo no idoso. Os autores apresentam as principais classes de fármacos utilizados para esse fim e discutem doses e efeitos colaterais para essa faixa etária. As linhas de manejo do meio ambiente e do comportamento por técnicas näo medicamentosas também säo ressaltadas e descritas. Por ser de difícil definiçäo e operacionalizaçäo, o tratamento da agitaçäo no idoso ainda carece de pesquisas tanto com corte transversal como longitudinal, seja em relaçäo a novos psicofármacos com menor potencial de efeitos colaterais, seja em relaçäo a estratégias näo farmacológicas

Tratamento farmacológico da agitaçåo orgânica. Parte 2: lítio, betabloqueadores, carbamazepina, buspirona e naltrexona / Pharmacological treatment of organic psychomotor agitation. Part 2: lithium, beta-blockers, carbamazepine, buspirone and naltrexone

Na primeira parte de nossa revisåo, nós avaliamos os tratamentos da agitaçåo orgânica com antipsicóticos, benzodiazepínicos e com a associaçåo de antipsicóticos e diazepínicos. Nesta segunda parte, analisaremos os estudos com lítio, betabloqueadores, carbamazepina, buspirona e naltrexona. Somente estudos prospectivos seråo considerados

Tratamento farmacológico da agitaçäo, orgânica - Parte 1: antipsicóticos e benzodiazepínicos / Pharmacological treatment of organic psychomotor agitation. Part I: antipsychotics and benzodiazepines

Em dois artigos, faremos uma revisäo do tratamento farmacológico dos distúrbios comportamentais (DC) secundários a causas orgânicas e delirium. Seräo discutidos os tratamentos com ou sem o uso de antipsicóticos. Somente estudos prospectivos seräo analisados